The Normal Adult Human Liver Biopsy: A Quantitative Reference Standard

References

1. Bingel A. Uber die parenchympunktion der leber (About the parenchymal puncture of the liver). Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1923; 35: 210-212.

2. Menghini G. One-second needle biopsy of the liver. Gastroenterology 1958; 35: 190-199.

3. Baggenstoss AH, Foulk WT, Butt HR, Bahn RC. The pathology of primary biliary cirrhosis with emphasis on histogenesis. Am J Clin Pathol 1964; 3: 259-276.

4. Caulet S, Fabret M, Schoevaert D, Lesty C, Meduri G, Martin E. Quantitative study of centrilobular hepatic fibrosis in alcoholic disease before cirrhosis. Virch Arch A Pathol Anat Hispathol 1989; 416: 11-17[Medline].

5. Nakanuma Y, Ohta G. Histometric and serial section observations of the intrahepatic bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 1326-1332[Abstract].

6. Masuko K, Rubin E, Popper H. Proliferation of bile ducts in cirrhosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1964; 78: 421-431.

7. Demetris AJ, International Panel. Banff schema for grading liver allograft rejection: an international consensus document. HEPATOLOGY 1997; 25: 658-663[Abstract].

8. Snover DC, Weisdorf SA, Ramsay NK, McGlave P, Kersey JH. Hepatic graft versus host disease: a study of the predictive value of liver biopsy in diagnosis. HEPATOLOGY 1984; 4: 123-130[Medline].

9. Ludwig J, Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF. Idiopathic adulthood ductopenia: a cause of chronic cholestatic liver disease. J Hepatol 1988; 7: 193-199[Medline].

10. Rappaport AM. The microcirculatory concept of normal and pathological hepatic structure. Bietr Path Bd 1976; 157: 215-243.

11. Nakanuma Y, Hoso M, Sanzen T, Sasaki M. Microstructure and development of the normal and pathologic biliary tract in humans, including blood supply. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 38: 552-570[Medline].

12. Schaffner F, Popper H. Electron microscopic studies of normal and proliferated bile ductules. Am J Pathol 1961; 81: 393-410.

13. Theise ND, Thung SN, Kumar A, Peralta H, Brody RI, Gallo G, Melamed J, et al. Immunohistochemical characterization of the canals of Hering: evidence of bipotent progenitor cells in the liver [Abstract]. HEPATOLOGY 1996; 24: 256A.

14. Shah KD, Gerber MA. Development of intrahepatic bile ducts in humans: immunohistochemical study using monoclonal cytokeratin antibodies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 113: 1135-1138[Medline].

15. Foster PF, Sankary HN, Williams JW, Bhattacharyya A, Coleman J, Ashmann M. Morphometric inflammatory cell analysis of human liver allograft biopsies. Transplantation 1991; 51: 873-876[Medline].

16. Ekataksin W, Wake K. Liver units in three dimensions. I. Organization of argyrophilic connective tissue skeleton in porcine liver with particular reference to the “compound hepatic lobule.” Am J Anat 1991; 191: 113-153[Medline].

17. Weibel ER, Staubli W, Gnagi HR, Hess FA. Correlated morphometric and biochemical studies on the liver cell. I. Morphometric model, stereological methods, and normal morphometric data for rat liver. J Cell Biol 1969; 42: 68-91[Medline].

18. Kokha MK, Landini G, Iannaccone PM. Fractal geometry in rat chimeras demonstrates that a repetitive cell division program may generate liver parenchyma. Dev Biol 1994; 165: 545-555[Medline].

19. Moragas A, Allende H, Sans M, Vidal M-T, Garcia-Bonafé M, Huguet P. Mathematical morphologic analysis of liver cirrhosis: correlation with etiology, clinical score and hepatocellular carcinoma. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1992; 14: 483-490[Medline].

20. Washington K, Clavien P-A, Killenberg P. Peribiliary vascular plexus in primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary sclerosis. Human Pathol 1997; 28: 791-795[Medline].

21. Demetris AJ, Seaberg EC, Batts KP, Ferrell L, Lee RG, Markin R, Detre KM. Chronic liver allograft rejection: a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases interinstitutional study analyzing the reliability of current criteria and proposal of an expanded definition. Am J Surg Pathol 1998; 22: 28-39[Medline].

22. Moreno A, Carreno V, Cano A, Gonzalez C. Idiopathic biliary ductopenia in adults without symptoms of liver disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 835-888[Medline].

23. Ekataksin W, Zou ZZ, Wake K, Chunhabundit P, Somana R, Nishida J, McDonnell D, et al. HMS, Hepatic microcirculatory subunits in mammalian species. Intralobular grouping of liver tissue with definition enhanced by dropout sinusoids. In: Wisse E, Knook DL, Wake K, eds. Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid. Leiden: Kupffer Cell Foundation, 1995:247-251.

24. Rappaport AM, Borowy ZJ, Lougheed WM, Lotto WN. Subdivision of hexagonal liver lobules into a structural and functional unit. Anat Rec 1952; 119: 11-33.

25. Alpini G, Roberts SK, Kuntz SM, Ueno Y, Gubba S, Podila P, LeSage G, et al. Morphological, molecular and functional heterogeneity of cholangiocytes from normal rat liver. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1636-1643[Abstract].

26. Ludwig J, Ritman EL, LaRusso NF, Sheedy PF, Zumpe G. Anatomy of the human biliary system studied by quantitative computer-aided three-dimensional imaging techniques. HEPATOLOGY 1998; 27: 893-899[Abstract/Full Text].

27. Golding M, Sarraf C, Lalani E, Alison MR. Reactive biliary epithelium: the product of a pluripotential stem cell compartment. Hum Pathol 1996; 27: 872-884[Medline].

Return To Article

0270-9139/98/2802-0006$3.00/0

Copyright © 1998 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.